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The main aim of the article is to analyse the importance of gender equality in the context of implementing social innovations and the principles of sustainable development. These processes will be shown in the context of activities undertaken at the European level and by European institutions. The main research problem of the article is to present arguments relating to the growing importance of the concept of sustainable development and social innovation, for which social order and gender equality are of key importance. Such identification of the concept of sustainable socio-economic development with social order and gender equality in the creation of contemporary innovations can be analysed in a scientific perspective with the functional theory of social change by A.R. Redcliffe-Brown and B. Malinowski. On the other hand, in practical terms it is entwined with all types of activities, strategies or programmes undertaken and implemented in the pragmatics of European Union activities (eg. Commission Work Programme 2020 “A Union that strives for more”, the Ljubljana Declaration, the Horizon Europe Programme, including "Women TechEU"). The author uses both traditional research methods as a middle-order system analysis and institutional-legal method, as well as new methods, including sociological neoinstitutionalism and network analysis. The research techniques used in the analysis are mainly quantitative techniques, i.e. desk research or analysis of existing data from databases “She Figures”, GEM, Statista.com.

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The aim of this article is to identify legislative-programmatic changes, as well as the scope and directions of research & development (R&D) aid granted in Poland after the accession to the European Union, in the context of Multiannual Financial Perspectives. The changes introduced into relevant legislation in the EU and Poland, and aid programmes implemented throughout three Multiannual Financial Perspectives were analysed. This was followed by in-depth statistical analysis of changes in granting state aid for R&D in Poland. The authors found in this study a strict correlation between R&D aid in Poland and changes arising from the successive financial perspectives. Small enterprises have been the greatest beneficiaries of these changes.

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The aim of this article is to analyse the stability of the banking sector of the Eurozone countries in light of the turbulence in the contemporary global economy. This aim is achieved through the considering current changes and tendencies in the economy, the importance of stability, measures of stability, and empirical analysis of the main indicators of financial stability. The study ends with final conclusions as to the further analysis. The research hypothesis is based on the statement that the banking system of the Eurozone countries, regardless of high risk and turbulence in the global economy, remains stable. Research methodology is based on scholarly literature review, and the empirical analysis used the system of measures and selected indicators adopted by the International Monetary Fund within the scope of the stability analysis of the banking sector of the Eurozone. The originality of the study stems from the time this topic is addressed, due to the highly unfavourable and turbulent situation in the global economy. The added value is the identification of indicators and measures, which demonstrate the tendency for further deterioration (however, the analysis involves indicators that are still acceptable) under the current economic and geopolitical circumstances in the world.

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The permanent division of the EU Member States into a southern region (with huge imbalances in the youth labour market) and a northern region (with a relatively good situation for the youngest part of the workforce) is a serious challenge for the cohesion policy. The aim of this research is to assess the divergence of the youth labour market in the EU countries and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on it. In the research, classical measures of dispersion were used and the gamma convergence method was adopted. The used indicators were: NEETs and the unemployment rate (age group between 15–24 years old). Research results: despite significant disproportions, the existence of convergence was found, although the COVID-19 crisis inhibited it.

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The aim of this article is to analyse the role of European cohesion policy (ECP) in tackling the negative effects of climate change, and to answer the research question of whether a just transition towards climate neutrality is possible. The study comprised an analysis of data about ECP spending, literature review of relevant regulatory documents, studies and reports. The results of this research suggest that the issue of climate change mitigation has been placed among key priorities of ECP since 2014. This conclusion is supported by a comprehensive set of data. The results confirm that the EU funds constitute an important source of climate related investments in Poland. The design of ECP and its instruments, if used appropriately, can help to make the “green transition” more fair.

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The issue of military command is an issue, which under the rules of international criminal law involves numerous issues, related to the regime of commander liability. Since the Nuremberg Tribunal, the issue of superior responsibility has undergone extensive changes. The article presents the influence of the jurisprudence of the Yugoslav Tribunal on the formation of regulations on military command. This is because it was the first international court that had to face this issue. The International Criminal Court built on its experience, clarified the concept of commander's liability and supplemented it with new components.

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The main aim of this article is to present and analyse changes in the global luxury goods market in the 21st century, with particular emphasis on the effects of the supply shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In the part devoted to the period before the pandemic, the following market trends will be described: the democratisation of luxury, brand consolidation process, the emergence of Generation Alpha, the evolution of masstige goods relied on fast-fashion processes, "Chinese bulimia", market ”retailization” processes, the growing importance of mono-brand stores, rejection of online sales by European brands, e-commerce development, and growing environmental awareness. The article’s part, dedicated to the period of the pandemic and the changes immediately after it, presents trends such as the emergence of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and gaming goods (metaverse gaming), the rebirth of the vintage market and secondhand stores, an increase in sales of casual goods, new multi-brand sales platforms, and the growing importance of local markets. The article is based on literature query and comparative analysis of industry reports prepared by Deloitte, Bain Company, and Luxe Digital.

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The aim of the article is to examine the dynamics and the determinants of the geoeconomic strength of Russia in relation to Central and Eastern European countries (CEE-11) belonging to the European Union. The article confirms the research hypotheses that: (i) since 2014, the geoeconomic balance of power in Central and Eastern Europe began to change significantly in favor of the CEE-11 region, (ii) the economic sanctions imposed on Russia after 2014 negatively influenced its geoeconomic strength in relation to the CEE-11 region by reducing the export and import flows, as well as FDI net inflows in Russia compared to the CEE-11 countries. Panel regression analysis (ordinary least squares and fully modified ordinary least squares) was used to test the second hypothesis. All data used in the article comes from the World Bank database and covers the period from 2004 to 2020.

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This paper presents brief results of the analysis of educational potential dynamics and its relation with development of regional labour markets. The educational potential is described by the structure of the economically active population with different levels of education. The aim of the research was to study the impact of the educational potential of the economically active population on the development of regional markets in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Authors used for research the Eurostat data for the NUTS2 regions of the following CEE countries: Austria, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. Analysis of the distribution of educational potential of the economically active population of these CEE countries at the regional level was carried out using the methods of spatial econometrics and statistics. Research results demonstrated: insufficient response of local markets to changes in the structure of educational potential and the level of investment in fixed assets; strong state regulation of the unemployment rate in the former post-socialist countries (Czechia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia); complex relationships between labour productivity growth rates, average wages, changes in educational potential and unemployment rates; significant influence of the surrounding regional environment on the socio-economic processes taking place in certain regions.