Słowa kluczowe

terrorism |Radicalization |Sociology |Immigration |Racism |Economics |Social Media

Streszczenie

This paper examines what factors create domestic terrorism in the United States. First, the paper establishes three key motivating factors, those being economics, identity and socialization, and ethnicity. These are surveyed through statistical and expert analysis and their role in radicalization are explained. Finally, the paper provides insight on legislative action that could reduce these inflammatory societal ills that are creating terrorists.

Słowa kluczowe

organized crime |terrorism |illicit trade |Hezbollah |Tri-Border Area

Streszczenie

In the years following the events of 9/11, increased attention has been given to the intersection between terrorist groups and organized crime. This paper will explore the nexus between the two – how are defined, their motivations, and how to prevent them. Both groups share key similarities within their methods and organization. The intersection of these groups is on a continuum but can be generally categorized by 1) coexistence 2) cooperation and 3) convergence. Differences lie within the end goals of the two groups: terrorists wish to achieve political and ideological goals and criminal organizations pursue financial gains. In the paper, a case study of the crimeterror nexus within the Tri-Border region of South America and Hezbollah is analyzed. This paper ends with a discussion of the implications of this nexus for counter-terrorism and law enforcement, and ways to prevent opportunities for intersection.

Słowa kluczowe

culture |Religion |Suicide Terrorism |ideology |Secular

Streszczenie

Is religion the main factor for why religious-based terrorist organizations employ suicide terrorism? Or is it caused by other variables? This paper attempts to answer these questions by examining the link between religion and suicide terrorism. In particular, this research examines and analyzes Robert A. Pape’s book Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism and provides updated information on suicide terrorism. To investigate the connection between suicide terrorism and religion this article will include and combine previous research from subject matter experts. This study concludes that religion is a significant contributing factor for why religious-based terrorist organizations implement suicide terrorism attacks. As this paper highlights, more research is still needed to not only confirm whether these findings are accurate and but also answer new questions prompted by this research.

Słowa kluczowe

international law |cybercrime |cybersecurity |internet policy |forensic linguistics |cryptocurrency |doxxing

Streszczenie

With the steady, all-consuming march of the Information Age, new avenues for crime emerge daily. Yet, the legal landscape faces a challenge in addressing these crimes due to the paradoxical need for stable laws that will last, and flexible laws that can bend to the rapidly evolving digital world. This paper analyzes two types of cybercrime – cryptocurrency laundering and doxxing, assessing the existing laws surrounding them, and proposes amendments and future considerations for cyber legislation and regulation. The first crime falls into an existing structure of laws against money laundering, but must adapt to the ways in which blockchain and cryptocurrency further obfuscate financial traceability and attribution. The second type is a contemporary form of harassment that exists in a liminal space of gray morality and technical legality, but which abuses speech to provoke violence. By reviewing current legislation and establishing proper definitions for these crimes, this paper will formulate suggestions for potential improvements to the legal systems surrounding these digital issues.

Słowa kluczowe

terrorism |domestic terrorism |driving factors |political motives |political violence

Streszczenie

Over the last few years, terrorism has been on the rise in the United States of America. Most people in the United States would think of foreign agents as the largest catalysts for terrorism in the country. In reality, domestic agents were and still are the largest threat to America and likely to remain as such for the foreseeable future. These domestic agents are part of terrorist groups that have diverse goals and motives that are very similar yet different from one another. One such motive that is shared amongst these groups is politics. Domestic extremist groups, predominantly from the far right, want to influence change in politics so that their views can be included in the public sphere. This aim is hardly new, already dating back to the nineteenth century, but there has been a sharp increase since the start COVID-19 pandemic. This paper provides a brief historical examination of the roots of domestic terrorism in the United States and analyzes how it has increased over time. It will also use examples of active right-wing extremist groups to look at whether or not political motives pose a potential threat for increasing domestic terrorism. The end goal of this research is to make people aware of the prevalence of domestic terrorism, showcase the different political motives of domestic terrorist extremist groups in the United States and give recommendations on how to limit the threat of domestic terrorism.

Słowa kluczowe

Sponsorship |International Crime |exploitation |Global Trade |Money- Laundering |Narco-Terrorism

Streszczenie

Since the introduction of Lydian Coins in 650 BC to ancient Asia Minor, capital has played a central role in many systems of human society, both for better and worse. Thus, as terrorism becomes a more prevalent issue in the global security narrative, the relationship between monetary funds and the ability to commit atrocities has come under scrutiny, especially in regards to the sources of their financing. Recent research has shown that funding for terrorism largely comes from organized crime, such as money-laundering, international drug trade, blackmail operations, and human trafficking. Moreover, due to the complexity of international financial and legal systems, terrorists can exploit disadvantages and loopholes in a way that conceals illegal transfers of money. In this paper, an in-depth analysis of terrorism financing will be given with an emphasis on international crime and state sponsorship. Then, suggestions are provided on how to improve current regulations in a way that will prevent further exploitation.