Słowa kluczowe

fake news |Covid-19 |Coronavirus |Disinformation |Infodemic |SARS-CoV-2 |international security |Information Security

Streszczenie

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic provoked a radical rise in the number of unverified information. The rapid development of the pandemic led to permanent chaos caused both by misinformation and disinformation, coined “infodemic” by the World Health Organization. The study aims at identifying primary and secondary sources of false information, describing their impact on the modern digital environment, examining whether it is possible to stop or significantly limit the problem of infodemic through appropriate institutional measures, and proposing policy changes to limit the negative impact of the infodemic. By analyzing multiple case studies, the study proposes a number of solutions such as transnational cooperation of tech giants, governments, and NGOs, improvement of social media algorithms, and the further development of social media departments responsible for verifying harmful content. The study also stresses the importance of including information verification in the curriculum at all levels of education.

Słowa kluczowe

security |monitoring |control |detection |surveillance |system |threats |network |UAV |Unmanned Aerial Vehicle |drone |measures |devices |safety |potential |technology

Streszczenie

In the last ten years, unmanned aerial vehicles have gained immense popularity, especially in the most developed countries of the world. The scope of the use of drones is quite extensive, hence it opens a wide variety of possibilities for nonregulated acts. Due to rapid development of technologies and lack of legislations, drones pose a threat for private life and civilian health safety. This article analyzes the scope of the use of drones with their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the prospects for the development of drone industry. This article seeks to answer questions concerning where and how drones could be used in civilian spheres, and what are the main threats and measures to counter the illegal use of drones.

Słowa kluczowe

UN |Peacekeeping Missions |Military |UNSCR 1325 |Gender mainstreaming

Streszczenie

The purpose of this research paper is to demonstrate the important role women play in peace keeping missions, the challenges that they encounter, their numbers as well as the impact that they bring about during the peacekeeping missions across the globe. My research paper will therefore uncover the underlying issues encountered by women during their peacekeeping missions and how relevant their missions are to the society and to the entire world. As the world is pushing for greater equality in gender roles in the 21st century, a lot needs to be done and especially in the police forces and in peacekeeping missions. When it comes to peacekeeping missions, the military personnel are the ones who are most of the time deployed to war torn countries and a majority of whom are usually male. In UN peacekeeping missions in 2000 for instance, women constituted 25 percent of the total personnel, meaning the other 75 percent was dominated by their male counterparts. According to the UN News, the figures still remain the same in 2021, 5.4% of women in the military and peacekeeping missions, which is an indication of a slow growth rate. Most countries remain reluctant to send women personnel to peacekeeping missions in consideration of the tough situations experienced by their male colleagues. However, women personnel are perceived to be of as less threat during a conflict, and from the historical approach, women are less involved in sexual abuse, rape, kidnap, sex slavery and prostitution which boosts the effectiveness of the peacekeeping missions. In a conflict situation, for example, the affected victims tend to have more confidence in approaching a female military personnel to ask for help or to seek sympathy than from the male personnel. The adoption of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 in October 2000, called for the increased participation of women in peacekeeping missions and also in conflict resolutions. Yet as of 2015, only 32% of the UN member states had fulfilled and implemented this action plan. As of July 2021, this percentage has significantly increased with 51% of the UN member states adopting the 1325 action plan. Nevertheless, some countries are still lagging behind to have the number of women increased in peacekeeping missions.

Słowa kluczowe

Covid-19 |privacy right |data security |data privacy |data collection |personal information

Streszczenie

The development of Digital and Information Technology has changed our lives forever and its impact on our privacy. In the Digital Age of the 21st century, we have witnessed the government’s effort to protect citizens’ data from global corporations until more recently with the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. This paper analyzes how the right to privacy has evolved and more specifically in times of crisis, namely the COVID-19 pandemic.

Słowa kluczowe

security |terrorism |France |Radicalization |Islamism |Islamist terrorism |Jihadism

Streszczenie

France is one of the Western countries most affected by Islamist terrorism. Moreover, most terrorist attacks are committed by French people. Even if these people are linked to immigration, they are radicalized on French soil. The issues raised by this phenomenon are social, economic, religious and security related. Fighting Islamist terrorism requires ambitious policies in several areas, and these policies must be coordinated, because terrorism is a global issue. Islamist terrorism is a subject that divides the French society, including the French universities concerning the analysis and explanation of the phenomenon. Islamism, in France, does not only have a religious or a social explanation. Even if its causes are sometimes difficult to define, political leaders are called upon to act to find solutions. In fact, despite numerous reforms, pressure from far-right parties tends to radicalize the other parties in their security posture at the risk of threatening the foundations of the French democracy, despite a desire to protect French citizens. This paper examines: a) the extent of the Islamism and Islamist terrorism in France as major security threats, b) the debate about security issues and c) the response of the French state to the threat posed by Islamists.

Słowa kluczowe

migration |climate change |ozone layer destruction |deforestation |conflicts for such natural resources as water |and ecological/environmental terrorism

Streszczenie

Ozone layer destruction, deforestation, nuclear weapons – these are principle environmental concerns which were stated out by different activists and governments in 80’s and 90’s. Back then, the issue of environmental security and awareness were not as popular and prevalent as they are today. The period of 2019–2020 has become a starting point of the so-called ‘environmental awareness’ due to influence of mass media, globalization, ecological activists, youth participation and variety of other factors. International society has begun to take into account unpredictable and severe effects of changes in the environment. Such factors of past experiences as climate change, migration, conflicts for such natural resources as water, and ecological/environmental terrorism, made not only society but global actors treat the danger seriously. Flaws of environmental security are to be set on the same level with ‘traditional’ outcomes of military conflicts. It is due to unpredictability of situation and large scale of lesion.

The relevance of the research paper is appropriate in current realities. Even if we track issues raised in the recent volumes of the Munich Security Conferences, the problem of environmental dangers is included to last 5 of them. The topic is controversial due to clashes of interests among such global leaders as the United States of America and ambiguous role of different international or state organizations. Nowadays, threats of ecological security are no longer in theory. Such type of dangers is described in ‘water diplomacy’ related to Israeli/ Palestine and India/Pakistan conflicts; controversial attempts to embrace common action by the UN and the NATO and 2015 Paris Agreement; and last but not least, development of new terrorism branch – ecological one. The aim of this paper is to analyze threats related to environmental security and to predict possible influences or appropriate tactics to overcome future challenges.

Słowa kluczowe

technology |Belt and Road Initiative |development |trade |surveillance |securitized information |militarization |neo-Marxism |Gramsci |Military-Civil Fusion |geopolitical stability |international security |international liberal order |global hegemony |counterhegemony |enlightened despotism

Streszczenie

China’s surveillance state is being exported to the developing world through the Belt and Road Initiative. This geopolitical phenomenon should be understood in the context of China’s cultural history which burdens China with the responsibility of establishing a harmonious international order for the benefit of the entire world. It is also according to a Gramscian vision of “counter-hegemony” that China utilizes the communist state as a neo-Marxist vehicle for transporting China to its rightful place in the global hierarchy. Through a global Securitized Information Strategy in combination with a policy of Military-Civil Fusion, the Chinese Communist Party seeks to propagate itself, displace the U.S.-led international liberal order, and ultimately re-assert a more “enlightened” Chinese global hegemony.

Słowa kluczowe

Nigeria |technology |terrorism |Power Paradigms |Mass Media Coverage |Political Targets |Religious |Extremist |Sahel |South East Asia

Streszczenie

What do we define as terrorism, how does the want to commit acts of terrorism manifest. Power paradigms shifting, the want for political recognition, whilst subjugated to intolerable conditions, the desire for the voice of a population that wishes to be heard. MalcomX, the leader of the Black Panthers once said “Violence is the screams of the silenced and unheard.” The majority of terrorism occurs in the Global Terrorism Index (GTI) top five, Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Syria. Terrorism has continued to fall in terms of attacks perpetrated and casualties even in the most affected regions. Terrorism still remains the biggest threat to global peace in the 21st century and should not be taken lightly. As terrorism is in itself an act that is unpredictable, vigilance and caution should be considered highly. As the future is uncertain we cannot be certain of where and when the next “9/11” will take place or in what form it will present itself, we do see patterns emerging in regions of Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The numbers are alarming and monitoring of the regions geo-political climate should be a priority or nation states.

Słowa kluczowe

Prima facie wrong |sexual consent |effective consent |affirmative consent |morally valid consent |sexual deception

Streszczenie

There has been a long discussion in Ukraine and elsewhere whether affirmative consent should precede intercourse. Many would agree that there is no need to make a statement of sexual consent unless the person wants to reject the offer. However, the presence or absence of voluntary consent could define if the rape took place for practical purposes. It is generally excepted both people engaged in intercourse have to consent to the sexual experience. Permission is usually given by words or by conduct. The speech by conduct expresses consent without saying words. However, some states would require affirmative consent. That raises the issue of when the absence of affirmative consent does not necessarily mean coercion. If the law says that it does, then the civil liberties and constitutional rights subjecting the person to the criminal wrong that one did not commit. Should it be affirmative consent, or could it be just interpreted from conduct? Another controversy of this topic is the balance of the rights of the accused versus the accuser. In these cases, when one takes the laid-back pattern of responses, what ends up happening is that people do not take the accusations seriously. The burden to prove is not simple because it happened in private places, without witnesses or evidence. Even more challenging to prove these cases in the long run. The significance of the consent should not be underestimated. A clear understanding of it is not merely a precondition for better legal protection and prevention of the crime but evidence for the victims of sexual misconduct. The article articulates the conventional definition of rape as a nonconsensual sexual behavior. It stresses the validity of the consent and the factors surrounding it, such as deception and misunderstanding. It provides examples of such conduct and further discusses the Lenient Thesis, Volenti Maxim concepts, and other ideas used to interpret the consent. It attempts to demonstrate the complexity of the topic by providing various perspectives. The article reveals that consent can have multiple manifestations. The form of permissible consent is pretty much dependent on the situation. Thus, there is no universal rule on how one should consent to an intimate experience.