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The article outlines the biography of an officer in the Polish Army of the Second Republic of Poland, Lieutenant Colonel Marian Morawski. Through this text, M. Morawski is another restored descendant of the Polish pre-war army. He was born at the end of the 19th century in Pruszków near Warsaw, he probably planned to engage in trade in the future, but the outbreak of World War I made M. Morawski join the ranks of the tsarist army. After the end of the global conflict, he joined the resurgent army of the Second Polish Republic, holding various functions. In 1938, for health reasons, he was transferred to the reserve, and after the Polish campaign of 1939, he was taken prisoner by the Soviets, where attempts were made to obtain him for the construction of Polish troops at the Red Army. After the Sikorski-Majski pact, he went to the West. He died in 1945 in Cairo.

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The article analyses the operational methods of unofficial diplomatic representatives in the first half of the 19th century. Its results are based on a case study of mechanisms applied by František Zach, an agent of Hôtel Lambert in Belgrade, during an unexpected and problematic visit of Count Albert Nugent, agitator of Illyrian movement, in the Serbian capital in April 1844.

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The article aims to briefly outline the history, organization, and operational methods of the Austrian secret police at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. The author outlines the context in which it was brought to life and recalls events most important for its creation. He then discusses the instruments which in the next couple of decades were in the arsenal of the Austrian höhere Staatspolizei.

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The Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878) led to migrations on an incomparable scale in the Balkan Peninsula. The Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878 forced about 350,000 Muslims to leave the Bulgarian lands. Sanjak of Niš’s occupation by the Serbian Army resulted in the exodus of 71,000 Muslims. After the situation in the region had stabilized, the refugees (so-called Muhajirs) wanted to get back to their homes in the newly created Principality of Bulgaria, autonomous Eastern Rumelia (first controlled by Russians and later by Bulgarians), and the lands annexed by Serbia.

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Humanitarian intervention is a relatively new concept in international relations. Although the origins of interventionism can be traced back well in history, its humanitarian aspect had been gradually formulated during the course of the 19th century. In my paper I focus on the ideas and proposals of the London-based Balkan Committee to solve the “Gordian Knot of the Balkans”: the Macedonian Question. In 1903, after the abortive Ilinden Uprising, the European Great Powers concerted to pacify Ottoman Macedonia and to implement reforms in the judiciary and administrative systems, which became known as the Mürzsteg Program. The representatives of the Committee such as its founder Noel Buxton or the well-known journalist at the time, Henry N. Brailsford, suggested international control for Macedonia “by establishing a Government responsible to the Powers.” I argue that their ideas were influenced by the notions of contemporary international law which deeply internalized the period’s European perception of civilizational hierarchies of the world.

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Until 1918 Međimurje belonged to Zala County, Hungary (except between 1848–1861) but ecclesiastically the region was a part of the diocese of Zagreb (since 1852 archdiocese). This situation induced dual authority in Međimurje. In the second half of 1918, the region had to face chaotic circumstances—on 24 December 1918, Croatian volunteer troops moved into Međimurje. Between 1941 and 1945, Međimurje once again was a part of Hungary but only for a short period of time. After the World War II, it became clear that Međimurje would be a definitive part of Croatia. The paper highlights the role of the Catholic Church in the “dual authority” of the region throughout the centuries.

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Europe was divided by ideologies almost in the entire second half of the twentieth century. Central and Eastern Europe was the place where the communist experiment sought to transform economy, society, culture, law, and the mind of people. Resisting the process was pursued and condemned by the communist dictatorship. Analysis on resistance as research topic can reveal socioeconomic interactions between state and individuals, groups and whole population.

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This paper deals with possible directions of researching personnel aspects of the Nazi repressive power (with the main interest in Gestapo officers who were assigned to Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia during World War II). It also focuses on methods of research of the Nazi repressive power, and the paper shows relevant archival sources and literature with outlining limits associated with those sources.

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After the fall of Kościuszko Uprising many Poles who had been actively involved in it had to leave the country. They mainly went to Venice, German cities, and Paris in order to take political action or look for refuge. However, the selection of the locations was conditioned by previous experience of the activists and the ever-changing political situation. These factors also affected other emigrants’ decisions. Their impact on the efficiency of migrants’ actions may be seen in many examples. Similarly, their financial and family situation had a considerable influence which determined undertaken activity. It is important to remember that factors from outside of the political mainstream also had their toll on the migrants’ decisions and outcomes of undertaken activity, and on more than one occasion they had a defining character.